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SCO at a New Stage: China’s Role, Kazakhstan’s Interests, and the Practical Agenda for Cooperation

In the context of the ongoing transformation of the international system and the growing importance of regional cooperation formats, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is entering a new stage of institutional development. Over 25 years, the SCO has evolved from a mechanism for building trust and ensuring security into a multilateral structure with a broad economic, […]

How to Assess the Returns from International Cooperation: OECD Approaches and Their Significance for Kazakhstan and China

International cooperation delivers sustainable results when financial resources, knowledge, and technology expand people’s opportunities. The new OECD guidance examines how to consistently integrate poverty and inequality reduction goals into the planning, financing, and evaluation of development programs. For Kazakhstan, certain provisions of the document are useful for understanding the social and territorial outcomes of economic […]

The Turkic World and Xinjiang: Between Cultural Affinity and Historical Belonging

In recent years, the concept of the “Turkic world” has increasingly resonated in the political, cultural, and academic discourse of Eurasia. The Organization of Turkic States regards the commonality of history, language, culture, and identity as one of the important foundations of cooperation among member states. The conceptual document “Vision of the Turkic World – […]